{"id":460,"date":"2021-07-09T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-09T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/norrismclaughlin.com\/mtym\/2021\/07\/09\/andy-warhol-paintings-harder-to-defend-copyright-infringement-cases\/"},"modified":"2021-07-09T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2021-07-09T00:00:00","slug":"andy-warhol-paintings-harder-to-defend-copyright-infringement-cases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/norrismclaughlin.com\/mtym\/copyright\/andy-warhol-paintings-harder-to-defend-copyright-infringement-cases\/","title":{"rendered":"How Andy Warhol\u2019s Paintings Have Made it Harder to Defend Copyright Infringement Cases"},"content":{"rendered":"

What is fair use? And why is this common defense to copyright infringement cases being more narrowly interpreted by the courts? And what does Andy Warhol have to do with it anyway?<\/p>\n

What Is Fair Use?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Let\u2019s start with the first question. Fair use is a defense to a claim that a creative work copies, and therefore infringes the copyright in, another creative work. The defense is often characterized as the statutory embodiment of the First Amendment right to free speech. For fair use to apply, the alleged copycat must have had an expressive purpose to have done the copying. This expressive purpose may include copying for the purpose of commenting on the work (e.g., a book review including a verbatim excerpt of a copyrighted book, for example, or a news report featuring a copyrighted photo); satirizing it (a cartoon copying a famous copyrighted artwork, for example); or creating a new work that has a different character and message from the original. So, to determine whether fair use can be successfully invoked, courts look to four factors:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. The purpose and character of the accused infringer\u2019s use;<\/li>\n
  2. The nature of the work being copied;<\/li>\n
  3. The amount and substantiality of the work taken by the accused infringer; and<\/li>\n
  4. The effect of the use on the potential market for the work.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    In a 2013 case handed down by a federal appeals court in New York (the Second Circuit), the court found that the famous artist Richard Prince had made fair use of some of Patrick Cariou\u2019s photographs of people in Jamaica on the grounds that Prince\u2019s artworks commented on the role of popular culture and music in everyday life. For an example of how Prince manipulated Cariou\u2019s work see The New York Times<\/a><\/em> article, \u201cCourt Rules in Artist\u2019s Favor<\/a>.\u201d Because the court found some of Prince\u2019s works that appropriated from dozens of Cariou works to be fair use, particularly Prince\u2019s collages, it appeared the fair use doctrine was experiencing something of a boon.<\/p>\n

    Why Is This Common Defense to Copyright Infringement Cases Being More Narrowly Interpreted by the Courts and What Does Andy Warhol Have to Do With It?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    However, and this brings us to the answers to the second and third questions above, one of the most recent of several court decisions pushing back on this position involves Andy Warhol. Specifically, the Second Circuit has now found infringing a series of prints created by Andy Warhol from a photo depicting music legend Prince (yes, a lot of princes in this post). The Warhol prints infringed the photograph of Prince because, according to the court, just adding Warhol\u2019s \u201csignature style\u201d to the original photo, taken by Lynn Goldsmith, wasn\u2019t enough to make it transformative. Nor was a claim of \u201chigher or different artistic use.\u201d The appellate court\u2019s decision reversed the ruling of the court below that the Warhol prints transformed Prince from a \u201cvulnerable, uncomfortable\u201d figure into \u201can iconic, larger than life\u201d one.<\/p>\n

    The upshot? It will be harder to defend creative works based on the \u201cappropriation\u201d of other works from accusations of copyright infringement.<\/p>\n

    Should you have any questions about this post, or any copyright or other intellectual property<\/a> matter, please feel free to contact me at jhamburg@norris-law.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    What is fair use? And why is this common defense to copyright infringement cases being more narrowly interpreted by the courts? And what does Andy Warhol have to do with it anyway?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":435,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[109,405,325],"tags":[422,423],"coauthors":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow Andy Warhol\u2019s Paintings Have Made it Harder to Defend Copyright Infringement Cases - More Than Your Mark\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/norrismclaughlin.com\/mtym\/copyright\/andy-warhol-paintings-harder-to-defend-copyright-infringement-cases\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Andy Warhol\u2019s Paintings Have Made it Harder to Defend Copyright Infringement Cases\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What is fair use? 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